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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2642-9756/034
1 Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Skane Universisty Hospital, Lund, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
2* Institution of Clinical Sciences, Medical Faculty, Lund University, Sweden|
*Corresponding Author: Ulf Schött,MD,PhD,Professor,Senior Consultant Anaesthetist
Citation: Thomas Kander, Ulf Schött (2021) ROTEM Analyses of Low Molecular heparin effects with Vitro Induced Thrombocytopenia. J Women Health Care Issues, 4(1); Doi:10.31579/2642-9756/034
Copyright: © tt, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 09 September 2020 | Accepted: 30 December 2020 | Published: 06 January 2021
Keywords: thrombocytopenia; thromboprohylaxis; cancer; thromboelastography; low molecular weight heparin
Background: Thrombocytopenia is correlated to hemorrhagic complications in patients with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) thromboprophylaxis.
Aims: The aims of our study were to investigate an experimentally induced in vitro thrombocytopenia and then adding 2 types of LMWHs in vitro. Our hypothesis was that a platelet depleted whole blood sample could reflect a stronger synergistic anticoagulative effect of in vitro added LMWH than in the non-manipulated blood.
Method: Two venous citrated blood samples were consecutively drawn from 8 patient’s gynaecologic cancer and normal routine coagulation laboratory analyses immediately preopewratively. One of the two samples had its buffy coat pipetted away into a separate tube. Half of the buffy coat was returned to the same sample (treated sample). 3x500 μl of blood from the non-treated sample was added to 3 separate microtubes and corresponding for the treated sample. Thromboprophylactic doses corresponding to an in vivo peak effect 0.5 anti-Xa international units/ml of tinzaparin and enoxaparin were added both to untreated and treated samples – 2 microtubes were unheparinized (treated/untreatedsample).
All samples were analysed with rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM).
Results: Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank tests of the in-group differences between non-non-treated and treated samples showed no significant differences (p≤0.05) for any of the parameters analysed with the ROTEM-INTEM reagent regardless of heparinization or not. Calculation of non-parametric spearman correlation for clotting time (CT) vs. platelet count (PLC) were not significant for any group. Tinzaparin was clearly observed to prolong CT in the buffy-coat lowered blood from two patients.
Conclusions: Our results corroborate previous research that ROTEM cannot detect anticoagulative effects of low dose LMWH in patients with normal PLC. In two patients there was a clear prolongation of clot initiation after tinzaparin that warrants further studies on a more developed in vitro induced thrombocytopenia model.
There is a need to address the dose of low-molecular-weight-heparins (LMWH) for venous thromboembolic (VTE) disease in thrombocytopenic patients, since evidence regarding safely administering LMWHs in the presence of different levels of thrombocytopenia is unclear.
Should the thromboprophylactic or therapeutic dose as in deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) treatments be maintained at the same dosage level as in non-thrombocytopenic patients, reduced or cancelled? The degree of thrombocytopenia and the strength of the plasma coagulation, often addressed as hypo- to hyper-coagulability needs to be addressed too. Low body weight <50>
PLC and function can change quickly in trauma, intensive care, and obstetrics and in massively bleeding patients. VTE disease has a high incidence in many of these conditions, but the optimal thromboprophylactic regimen has not been conclusively agreed on [2].
Recurrent thromboembolism, bleeding, and thrombocytopenia are frequently seen in cancer patients with cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) [3], but guidelines for management have low evidence [4] and differ [5-9]. Cancer patients face great risk of succumbing to VTE, the second leading cause of death in their patient group and they are six times more likely than the general patient of developing it [3]. Patients with hematologic malignancies are at particular risk, since their often-experienced prolonged thrombocytopenic periods make therapeutic anticoagulation difficult [10]. Although compensatory hemostatic mechanisms may be active in many patients [11], the presence of thrombocytopenia increases the risk of excessive spontaneous or traumatic hemorrhage [12, 13]. When coupled with the fact that conventional antithrombotic treatments tend to be comparatively ineffective for prevention or treatment of CAT [14-16], thrombocytopenia renders management of VTE in patients with cancer highly problematic. Indeed, major bleeding has been found to be not only a relatively frequent and severe complication but also an independent predictor of mortality in patients with anticoagulated cancer [17]. Still anticoagulation for the treatment of venous thromboembolism during periods of thrombocytopenia may be considered in patients with hematologic malignancies.
Campell et al. [10] described 13 cases of patients with hematologic malignancies that were therapeutically anticoagulated with either LMWH or unfractionated heparin (UFH) at PLCs <50>50 × 109/l with dalteparin 200 units/kg/day without increased bleeding or less effective thrombosis treatment/prophylaxis in the low PLC-group [4]. The Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) implemented the following guidelines in 2011 for cancer patients in need for LMWH: administer full dose enoxaparin for if the patient had a PLC >50 × 109/l, halving the dose of enoxaparin for PLC >25-50 × 109/l, and no anticoagulation if PLC were <25>
Khanal et al. retrospectively studied 128 adult patients with hematologic malignancies who were diagnosed with DVT/PE (19) over 2 years. The risk of bleeding in a clinically significant manner for patients with PLC <50 xss=removed>
Ibrahim et al. [20] stated that low-dose enoxaparin could be safely administered at a PLC in between 20-55 × 109 /l in BMT analysis of 26 bone marrow transplant patients.
Another concern is heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) in patients receiving LMWH. Real testing for the presence of heparin-platelet factor 4 antibodies (HPF4-Ab) and starting alternative anticoagulation when HIT is suspected is low in everyday clinics [21]. The risk of HIT with LMWH is lower than with UFH, but a baseline PLC is recommended from which the development of HIT could be hinted at.
Tests for monitoring LMWH’s include anti-factor Xa (anti-FXa), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and thrombin generation (TGA). Despite LMWH’s varying affinities for FXa and thrombin better being reflected by TGA [22], anti-FXa is the current gold standard in monitoring effect. Both tests are performed on platelet poor plasma and do not reflect the cellular contribution to in vivo hemostasis [23], that are better reflected with whole blood analyses.
Thromboelastometry with a whole blood viscoelastic test like ROTEM can improve perioperative and trauma bleeding management and can detect low PLC (24). A thromboplastin activated ROTEM (ROTEM-INTEM) corresponds to the routine aPTT – and has the best sensitivity to detect heparin anticoagulants. However, in patients with normal PLC thromboprophylactic LMWH dosages usually do not prolong ROTEM clot initiation [25]. ROTEM-INTEM sensitivity to detect LMWH effects in thrombocytopenic patients on clot initiation and other aspects of clotting that can be detected by ROTEM, such as clot propagation and clot amplification have not been studied.
The aims of our study were to develop an experimentally in vitro induced thrombocytopenia by pipetting and subsequently halving the buffy coat of the blood sample (the fraction that contains platelets), then adding 2 different types of LMWHs in thromboprophylactic dosages and study their effects on ROTEM-INTEM.
Our hypothesis was that the buffy-coat lowered citrated whole blood sample could reflect a stronger synergistic anticoagulative effect of the in vitro added LMWH than in the non-manipulated blood (normal PLC). In a previous study, tinzaparin prolonged clot initiation more than enoxaparin with the higher therapeutic in vitro doses [22]. Would ROTEM-INTEM detect effects of thromboprophylactic tinzaparin better than enoxaparin?
Patients.
The study was approved by the regional ethical board in Lund (registration number DNR 2017/636), and all patients included in the study gave written informed consent prior to inclusion. The study was conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the manuscript was prepared according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines for observational studies. The following inclusion criteria were used: Patients age 18 or older, who were admitted to Department of Anaesthesia in Lund for brachytherapy of cervical cancer. Exclusion criteria: Patients with known coagulation disorders or ongoing anticoagulation medication.
Sampling
Venous blood were drawn from an indwelling brachial catheter after first blood being discarded. Blood was collected in 2x2,7 mL 0.109 M citrated tubes (BD Vacutainer Systems, Becton-Dickinson and Company, UK) for ROTEM analyses.
In vitro anticoagulation with tinzaparin and enoxaparin
An in vitro dose of 15μl of tinzaparin (Innohep®; 10 IU/ml) or enoxaparin (Klexane®; 10 IU/ml) was pipetted into separate 0,5 ml citrated blood vials (in Eppendorf Safe-Lock tube). This would give an in vivo peak effect of a LMWH thromboprophylactic dose of 0.5 anti-Xa IU/ml plasma (assuming that plasma accounted for 60% of the blood volume) [25], The samples were then incubated for 10 minutes at 37°C before ROTEM analyses.
Buffy-coat pipetting to in vitro reduce platelet count
The blood samples intended for lowering the PLC by pipetting the buffy coat were centrifuged within 10 minutes after sampling at 200g at 20°C for 10 minutes to obtain the plasma, buffy coat fraction and erythrocyte fraction (see Figure 1).
Figure 1: After centrifugation or after being allowed to stand in a test tube, erythrocytes settle as the bottom fraction of the samples contents. Leukocytes and platelets follow and make up most of the light-colored layer, known as the buffy coat, residing between the erythrocytes and the plasma. Leukocytes are denser than platelets and as such, platelets are found on top of the buffy coat.
The buffy coat containing platelet and leukocyte fraction was pipetted away into a separate Eppendorf Safe-Lock tube and half of it returned to the 2,7 ml citrate tube and then gently mixed with the plasma and erythrocytes. Then 0,5 ml of this blood was pipetted into 2 Eppendorf Safe-Lock tubes.
ROTEM
Thromboelastometry (ROTEM, TEM International GmbH, Munich, Germany) was used to measure clot formation and clot elasticity. ROTEM has a fixed sample cup with a pin suspended in the blood sample. After the addition of 20 μl of 0,2M CaCl2 (Star-TEM) to 300 μl of blood, coagulation was initiated by thromboplastin - INTEM reagent which better detects low levels of heparin and peak effects of thromboprophylactic and treatment dosages of LMWH [24,25]. The pin oscillates, and the movement is registered in the coagulating sample, which gives rise to a curve (see Figure 2).
Figure 2: CT – Clotting time: The time it takes from the reagent has been added until the clot starts to form (clot initiation), reference range: 38-79s with a coefficient of variation (CV) of <15>
CFT – Clot formation time: The time it takes for a clot to reach a firmness of 20 mm once the reagent is added, reference range: 34-159s; CV <4>
AA – Alpha Angle: The angle of the tangent of the curve at clot firmness 20mm, reference range: 63-83°; CV<3>
MCF - Maximum clot firmness: reference range: 50-72mm; <3>
Several variables are obtained from the curve:
CT: The time it takes from the reagent has been added until the clot starts to form (clot initiation), clotting time (CT), reference range: 38-79s with a coefficient of variation (CV) of <15>
CFT: The time it takes for a clot to reach a firmness of 20 mm once the reagent is added, Clot formation time (CFT), reference range: 34-159s; CV <4>
AA: The angle of the tangent of the curve at clot firmness 20mm, Alpha angle (AA), reference range: 63-83°; CV<3>
MCF: And the maximum clot firmness (MCF) reference range: 50-72mm; CV<3>
All samples were analyzed within 60 minutes of blood collection and stored in a heating block at 37°C until ROTEM analyses at 37°C.
Statistical analyses
Excel was used to store acquired data. GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA) was used for statistical analyses, tables and diagrams of the acquired data. Spearman’s rank correlation test was used to calculate correlations, with two tailed p-values and statistical significance set at p<0>
ROTEM test results
Each patient’s blood samples were analysed with ROTEM-INTEM. The results of the buffy coat-pipetted blood sample were compared with the results from the paired sample not subject to pipetting of the buffy coat. Graphs of the test results are found in Figures 3, 4 and 5 for nonheparinized, tinzaparinized and enoxaparinized blood, respectively.
Figure 3a-d: Clotting Time (CT), Clot Formation Time (CFT), Alpha angle (α) and Maximum Clot Firmness (MCF) comparisons between 8 whole blood samples (labeled control) and their paired samples that were subject to our method of buffy coat reduction by pipetting. CT p=0.9375, CFT p=0.1953, α p=0.1484, MCF p=0.0625.
Clotting time
Among the nonheparinized samples, the buffy coat-pipetted samples’ measurements of CT had longer shortest CT, longer median, larger interquartile range, but shorter longest CT than the samples where the experimental method of reducing the buffy coat had not been performed (see Figure 3a). The tinzaparinized samples had a shortened median CT and increased spread in CT between samples in the buffy coat-pipetted samples compared with their paired control samples (see Figure 4a), while the enoxaparinized buffy coat-pipetted samples had a smaller interquartile range and shorter median CT compared with the enoxaparinized control samples (see Figure 5a). The differences between the samples in each group were tested with Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test and were not found to be significant in any group.
Clot formation time
Measurements of CFT were longer in 7 of 8 nonheparinized buffy coat-pipetted samples than their paired counterparts. The buffy coat-pipetted samples had a longer median CFT, a longer shortest CFT as well as the longest CFT measurement in their group (see Figure 3b). The tinzaparinized samples had larger spread above the 50th percentile among the buffy coat-pipetted samples than the samples above the 50th percentile that were not subject to buffy coat-pipetting (see Figure 4b). The measurements in enoxaparinized samples had larger spread among the buffy coat-pipetted samples, but a smaller interquartile range than the enoxaparinized control samples (see Figure 5b). Differences between samples in each group were tested with Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test and were not found to be significant in any group.
Alpha angle
The rate of clot formation at clot firmness 20 mm was lowered in 7 of 8 buffy coat-pipetted samples in the nonheparinized group compared to their paired samples that did not have their buffy coat reduced (see Figure 3c). Lower results were found in the buffy coat-pipetted samples in 4 of the 7 pairs of the tinzaparinized group (see Figure 4c). In the enoxaparinized group, on the other hand, 4 out of 7 pairs had larger alpha angle measurements in the buffy coat-pipetted samples than the samples not subject to our method of reducing the PLC in vitro (see Figure 5c). The in-group differences between controls and their paired samples were analysed with a Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test and were not found to be significant.
Maximum clot firmness
The three groups differed in how many pairs had a different result in the buffy coat-pipetted sample compared to the paired control sample. In the nonheparinized group, MCF differed between control and buffy coat-pipetted in 7 of 8 pairs, 1 higher result in the buffy coat-pipetted sample and 6 lower (see Figure 3d). The tinzaparinized group had 5 lower measurements with the method and 2 higher (see Figure 4d). In buffy coat-pipetted samples in the enoxaparinized group there were 3 lower results and 4 higher results when comparing to their paired control samples (see Figure 5d). The in-group differences between controls and their paired samples were analysed with a Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test and were not found to be significant.
Figure 4a: Clotting Time (CT) comparison between 8 tinzaparinized whole blood samples and their paired samples that were subject to our method of buffy coat reduction by pipetting. CT p=0.8125.
Figure 4b-d: Clot Formation Time (CFT), Alpha angle (α) and Maximum Clot Firmness (MCF) comparisons between 7 tinzaparinised whole blood samples (labeled Tinzaparin) and their paired samples that were subject to our method of buffy coat reduction by pipetting.
CFT p=0.5625, α p=0.5625, MCF p=0.5469.
Figure 5a-d: Clotting Time (CT), Clot Formation Time (CFT), Alpha angle (α) and Maximum Clot Firmness (MCF) comparisons between 7 enoxaparinised whole blood samples (labeled enoxaparin) and their paired samples that were subject to our method of buffy coat reduction by pipetting. CT p=0.5781, CFT p=0.9375, α p>0.9999, MCF p=0.8750.
Correlation: platelet count and clotting time
The samples’ CTs were paired with their patients’ PLCs recorded the same day and the samples that were subject to our method of reducing the PLC in vitro were assigned half of the earlier recorded PLC. A Spearman rank correlation between sample assigned PLC and CT was calculated for each group (see Figures 6a-c). For the nonheparinized group this resulted in rs=-0,6707 for the control samples and rs=-0,5868 in the buffy coat-pipetted samples. The tinzaparinized samples had rs=-0,5946 and rs=-0,5509 and for the enoxaparinized samples the spearman rho was calculated to rs=-0,5225 and rs=-0,5 for control and buffy coat-pipetted samples respectively.
The correlations between the samples assigned PLCs and their CTs were not found to be statistically significant (p≤0.05) for any group. The control samples’ correlations were calculated to p=0,0765, p=0,1730 and 0,2405 for the nonheparinized, the tinzaparinized and the enoxaparinized samples, respectively. The buffy coat-pipetted samples’ correlations were calculated to p=0,1341, p=0,1625 and p=0,2062 for the nonheparinized, the tinzaparinized and the enoxaparinized samples, respectively.
It is of great interest to study the level of anticoagulant activity in both low-dose LWMH-thrombo-prophylaxis as platelet counts can change quickly in cancer and critically ill patients and it’s not uncommon for them to have other complicating factors too, such as impaired kidney function that can increase bleeding complications [2,1]. This also holds for therapeutic dosages for treatments of PE and DVT.
However, there were no significant differences for any of the parameters analysed with the ROTEM-INTEM reagent regardless of heparinization with enoxaparin or tinzaparin or not at control platelet counts and at buffy coat-halved blood samples in our study. Calculation of non-parametric Spearman correlations for clotting time (CT) vs. control platelet counts (Plc) and simulated thrombocytopenia were not significant for anticoagulated or non-anticoagulated blood. Our hypothesis that the buffy-coat lowered citrated whole blood sample could reflect a stronger synergistic anticoagulative effect of the in vitro added LMWH than in the non-manipulated blood (normal Plc) is therefore rejected. However, two samples from patients with measured platelet counts beneath 100 x 109/l that were treated with buffy coat-pipetted had measured values of CT above the manufacturer’s reference interval for ROTEM-INTEM. Earlier studies point to the importance of both platelets and fibrinogen [2,24] and our method should not have changed the levels of fibrinogen in the samples before ROTEM.
A larger sample size would have been beneficial as it would have allowed for statistically more powersful analysis, making the inferrals more accurate by reducing the influence of varying, nonmeasured parameters affecting coagulation, like fibrinogen. The blood samples were not analysed for platelet counts after having had their buffy-coat halved. The correlation’s validity rests on an assumption that any error in actual pipetted platelets would be insignificant in comparison to the variance in results in the analyses ran in the study design: ROTEM analysis of CT has a coefficient of variation of <15>
We believe our results justify further studies. An improved method of inducing thrombocytopenia in vitro would make studies comparing LMWH monitoring in artificial thrombocytopenia in vitro with blood samples from thrombocytopenic patients possible. These studies can in turn, if artificial thrombocytopenia and native thrombocytopenia behaves similarly in analysis, provide means of studying the effects of thromboprophylaxis and of therapeutic dose regimes on thrombocytopenic blood with greater sample sizes.
Greater samples sizes would reduce the influence that patients’ differences in fibrinogen levels would have, as it’s responsible for up to 50% of clot strength in thrombocytopenic blood [2]. ROTEM analyses at platelet counts < 100 × 109/L are also interesting as higher platelet counts do not influence ROTEM parameters, whereas fibrinogen does [24].
Conclusively, our results corroborate previous research that ROTEM cannot detect anticoagulative effects of low dose LMWH in patients with normal platelet counts. In two patients there was a clear prolongation of clot initiation after tinzaparin that warrants further studies on a more developed in vitro induced thrombocytopenia model.
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Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
